Understanding Vasculitis: When Blood Vessels Become Inflamed
Vasculitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels, which can affect arteries, veins, and capillaries throughout the body. Because blood vessels are responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues, any inflammation in these pathways can disrupt normal bodily functions. Vasculitis is not a single disease but a group of disorders that vary widely in severity, causes, and symptoms.
At its core, vasculitis occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks blood vessel walls. This immune response causes swelling, thickening, or narrowing of the vessels, restricting blood flow. In some cases, vessels may weaken and form bulges known as aneurysms, which carry a risk of rupture. The reduced circulation can lead to tissue damage and, if untreated, permanent organ impairment.
The symptoms of vasculitis depend on which organs are affected. General signs often include fatigue, fever, weight loss, muscle pain, and joint stiffness. When the skin is involved, vasculitis may appear as rashes, purple spots, or ulcers. If it affects the lungs, individuals may experience shortness of breath or coughing. Involvement of the kidneys can be particularly serious, as it may progress silently until significant damage has occurred. Neurological symptoms such as numbness, weakness, or headaches may arise when nerves or the brain are impacted.
Vasculitis can develop for various reasons. Some forms are linked to autoimmune disorders, while others may be triggered by infections, medications, or environmental factors. In many cases, however, the exact cause remains unknown. The condition can affect people of all ages, though certain types are more common in specific age groups.